Occlusion detection for facial recognition processes

ABSTRACT

Occlusion of facial features may be detected and assessed in an image captured by a camera on a device. Landmark heat maps may be used to estimate the location of landmarks such as the eyes, mouth, and nose of a user&#39;s face in the captured image. An occlusion heat map may also be generated for the captured image. The occlusion heat map may include values representing the amount of occlusion in regions of the face. The estimated locations of the eyes, mouth, and nose may be used in combination with the occlusion heat map to assess occlusion scores for the landmarks. The occlusion scores for the landmarks may be used control one or more operations of the device.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This patent is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/934,559 to Gernoth et al., entitled “OCCLUSION DETECTION FOR FACIALRECOGNITION PROCESSES”, filed Mar. 23, 2018, which claims priority toU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/556,407 to Fasel et al.,entitled “OCCLUSION DETECTION FOR FACIAL RECOGNITION PROCESSES”, filedSep. 9, 2017 and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/556,795to Fasel et al., entitled “OCCLUSION DETECTION FOR FACIAL RECOGNITIONPROCESSES”, filed Sep. 11, 2017, each of which are incorporated byreference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Technical Field

Embodiments described herein relate to methods and systems for facedetection and recognition in images capture by a camera on a device.More particularly, embodiments described herein relate to the detectionand assessment of occlusion of facial features in captured images.

2. Description of Related Art

Biometric authentication processes are being used more frequently toallow users to more readily access their devices without the need forpasscode or password authentication. One example of a biometricauthentication process is fingerprint authentication using a fingerprintsensor. Facial recognition is another biometric process that may be usedfor authentication of an authorized user of a device. Facial recognitionprocesses are generally used to identify individuals in an image and/orcompare individuals in images to a database of individuals to match thefaces of individuals.

In some cases, an image captured of a user during a facial recognitionprocess (e.g., either an enrollment process or an authenticationprocess) may include at least some occlusion of the user in the image.Occlusion of the user includes the blocking or obscuring of the user(e.g., the face of the user or some portion of the user's face) by someobject (e.g., a finger, a hand, hair, masks, scarfs, etc.) in the image.Occlusion of the user in captured images may reduce the effectiveness ofprocessing the image in the facial recognition process.

SUMMARY

Landmark and occlusion heat maps may be generated and used to assessocclusion of landmarks on a user's face in a captured image. Landmarkheat maps may be grid representations of the user's face that are usedto estimate the location of landmarks on the user's face in the capturedimage. The occlusion heat map may be a grid representation of the user'sface that includes scaled values representing the amount of occlusion inthe regions of the grid. The estimated locations of the landmarks may beused in combination with the occlusion heat map to determine if and howmuch occlusion of the landmarks there may be in the captured image(e.g., an occlusion score for each of the landmarks). Determined valuesof occlusion for the landmarks may be used to control one or moreoperations of the device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features and advantages of the methods and apparatus of the embodimentsdescribed in this disclosure will be more fully appreciated by referenceto the following detailed description of presently preferred butnonetheless illustrative embodiments in accordance with the embodimentsdescribed in this disclosure when taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a device including acamera.

FIG. 2 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a camera.

FIG. 3 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a processor on adevice.

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart for an embodiment of an occlusion detectionprocess.

FIG. 5 depicts an example of an embodiment of an image input.

FIG. 6 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a grayscale imagefor an example of a landmark heat map.

FIG. 7 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a grayscale imagefor an example of an occlusion heat map.

FIG. 8 depicts a representation of an example of an embodiment ofestimated centers of gravity.

FIG. 9 depicts an occlusion heat map overlaid onto a map of landmarkshapes.

FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of an exemplarycomputer system.

FIG. 11 depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of a computeraccessible storage medium.

While embodiments described in this disclosure may be susceptible tovarious modifications and alternative forms, specific embodimentsthereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein bedescribed in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawingsand detailed description thereto are not intended to limit theembodiments to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, theintention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. The headingsused herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to beused to limit the scope of the description. As used throughout thisapplication, the word “may” is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaninghaving the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaningmust). Similarly, the words “include”, “including”, and “includes” meanincluding, but not limited to.

Various units, circuits, or other components may be described as“configured to” perform a task or tasks. In such contexts, “configuredto” is a broad recitation of structure generally meaning “havingcircuitry that” performs the task or tasks during operation. As such,the unit/circuit/component can be configured to perform the task evenwhen the unit/circuit/component is not currently on. In general, thecircuitry that forms the structure corresponding to “configured to” mayinclude hardware circuits and/or memory storing program instructionsexecutable to implement the operation. The memory can include volatilememory such as static or dynamic random access memory and/or nonvolatilememory such as optical or magnetic disk storage, flash memory,programmable read-only memories, etc. The hardware circuits may includeany combination of combinatorial logic circuitry, clocked storagedevices such as flops, registers, latches, etc., finite state machines,memory such as static random access memory or embedded dynamic randomaccess memory, custom designed circuitry, programmable logic arrays,etc. Similarly, various units/circuits/components may be described asperforming a task or tasks, for convenience in the description. Suchdescriptions should be interpreted as including the phrase “configuredto.” Reciting a unit/circuit/component that is configured to perform oneor more tasks is expressly intended not to invoke 35 U.S.C. § 112(f)interpretation for that unit/circuit/component.

In an embodiment, hardware circuits in accordance with this disclosuremay be implemented by coding the description of the circuit in ahardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL. The HDLdescription may be synthesized against a library of cells designed for agiven integrated circuit fabrication technology, and may be modified fortiming, power, and other reasons to result in a final design databasethat may be transmitted to a foundry to generate masks and ultimatelyproduce the integrated circuit. Some hardware circuits or portionsthereof may also be custom-designed in a schematic editor and capturedinto the integrated circuit design along with synthesized circuitry. Theintegrated circuits may include transistors and may further includeother circuit elements (e.g. passive elements such as capacitors,resistors, inductors, etc.) and interconnect between the transistors andcircuit elements. Some embodiments may implement multiple integratedcircuits coupled together to implement the hardware circuits, and/ordiscrete elements may be used in some embodiments.

The scope of the present disclosure includes any feature or combinationof features disclosed herein (either explicitly or implicitly), or anygeneralization thereof, whether or not it mitigates any or all of theproblems addressed herein. Accordingly, new claims may be formulatedduring prosecution of this application (or an application claimingpriority thereto) to any such combination of features. In particular,with reference to the appended claims, features from dependent claimsmay be combined with those of the independent claims and features fromrespective independent claims may be combined in any appropriate mannerand not merely in the specific combinations enumerated in the appendedclaims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

This specification includes references to “one embodiment” or “anembodiment.” The appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “inan embodiment” do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, althoughembodiments that include any combination of the features are generallycontemplated, unless expressly disclaimed herein. Particular features,structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable mannerconsistent with this disclosure.

The present disclosure further contemplates that the entitiesresponsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage,or other use of such personal information data will comply withwell-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices. Inparticular, such entities should implement and consistently use privacypolicies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting orexceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personalinformation data private and secure. For example, in the case ofunlocking and/or authorizing devices using facial recognition, personalinformation from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonableuses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimateuses. Further, such collection should occur only after receiving theinformed consent of the users. Additionally, such entities would takeany needed steps for safeguarding and securing access to such personalinformation data and ensuring that others with access to the personalinformation data adhere to their privacy policies and procedures.Further, such entities can subject themselves to evaluation by thirdparties to certify their adherence to widely accepted privacy policiesand practices.

Despite the foregoing, the present disclosure also contemplatesembodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to,personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplatesthat hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent orblock access to such personal information data. For example, the presenttechnology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or“opt out” of participation in the collection of personal informationdata during registration for services.

FIG. 1 depicts a representation of an embodiment of a device including acamera. In certain embodiments, device 100 includes camera 102,processor 104, memory 106, and display 108. Device 100 may be a smallcomputing device, which may be, in some cases, small enough to behandheld (and hence also commonly known as a handheld computer or simplya handheld). In certain embodiments, device 100 is any of various typesof computer systems devices which are mobile or portable and whichperform wireless communications using WLAN communication (e.g., a“mobile device”). Examples of mobile devices include mobile telephonesor smart phones, and tablet computers. Various other types of devicesmay fall into this category if they include wireless or RF communicationcapabilities (e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular, and/or Bluetooth), such as laptopcomputers, portable gaming devices, portable Internet devices, and otherhandheld devices, as well as wearable devices such as smart watches,smart glasses, headphones, pendants, earpieces, etc. In general, theterm “mobile device” can be broadly defined to encompass any electronic,computing, and/or telecommunications device (or combination of devices)which is easily transported by a user and capable of wirelesscommunication using, for example, WLAN, Wi-Fi, cellular, and/orBluetooth. In certain embodiments, device 100 includes any device usedby a user with processor 104, memory 106, and display 108. Display 108may be, for example, an LCD screen or touchscreen. In some embodiments,display 108 includes a user input interface for device 100 (e.g., thedisplay allows interactive input for the user).

Camera 102 may be used to capture images of the external environment ofdevice 100. In certain embodiments, camera 102 is positioned to captureimages in front of display 108. Camera 102 may be positioned to captureimages of the user (e.g., the user's face) while the user interacts withdisplay 108. FIG. 2 depicts a representation of an embodiment of camera102. In certain embodiments, camera 102 includes one or more lenses andone or more image sensors 103 for capturing digital images. Digitalimages captured by camera 102 may include, for example, still images,video images, and/or frame-by-frame images.

In certain embodiments, camera 102 includes image sensor 103. Imagesensor 103 may be, for example, an array of sensors. Sensors in thesensor array may include, but not be limited to, charge coupled device(CCD) and/or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensorelements to capture infrared images (IR) or other non-visibleelectromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, camera 102 includes morethan one image sensor to capture multiple types of images. For example,camera 102 may include both IR sensors and RGB (red, green, and blue)sensors. In certain embodiments, camera 102 includes illuminators 105for illuminating surfaces (or subjects) with the different types oflight detected by image sensor 103. For example, camera 102 may includean illuminator for visible light (e.g., a “flash illuminator) and/orilluminators for infrared light (e.g., a flood IR source and a specklepattern projector). In some embodiments, the flood IR source and specklepattern projector are other wavelengths of light (e.g., not infrared).In certain embodiments, illuminators 105 include an array of lightsources such as, but not limited to, VCSELs (vertical-cavitysurface-emitting lasers). In some embodiments, image sensors 103 andilluminators 105 are included in a single chip package. In someembodiments, image sensors 103 and illuminators 105 are located onseparate chip packages.

In certain embodiments, image sensor 103 is an IR image sensor used tocapture infrared images used for face detection and/or depth detection.For face detection, illuminator 105A may provide flood IR illuminationto flood the subject with IR illumination (e.g., an IR flashlight) andimage sensor 103 may capture images of the flood IR illuminated subject.Flood IR illumination images may be, for example, two-dimensional imagesof the subject illuminated by IR light. For depth detection orgenerating a depth map image, illuminator 105B may provide IRillumination with a speckle pattern. The speckle pattern may be apattern of light spots (e.g., a pattern of dots) with a known, andcontrollable, configuration and pattern projected onto a subject.Illuminator 105B may include a VCSEL array configured to form thespeckle pattern or a light source and patterned transparency configuredto form the speckle pattern. The configuration and pattern of thespeckle pattern provided by illuminator 105B may be selected, forexample, based on a desired speckle pattern density (e.g., dot density)at the subject. Image sensor 103 may capture images of the subjectilluminated by the speckle pattern. The captured image of the specklepattern on the subject may be assessed (e.g., analyzed and/or processed)by an imaging and processing system (e.g., an image signal processor(ISP) as described herein) to produce or estimate a three-dimensionalmap of the subject (e.g., a depth map or depth map image of thesubject). Examples of depth map imaging are described in U.S. Pat. No.8,150,142 to Freedman et al., U.S. Pat. No. 8,749,796 to Pesach et al.,and U.S. Pat. No. 8,384,997 to Shpunt et al., which are incorporated byreference as if fully set forth herein, and in U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2016/0178915 to Mor et al., which is incorporated byreference as if fully set forth herein.

In certain embodiments, images captured by camera 102 include imageswith the user's face (e.g., the user's face is included in the images).An image with the user's face may include any digital image with theuser's face shown within the frame of the image. Such an image mayinclude just the user's face or may include the user's face in a smallerpart or portion of the image. The user's face may be captured withsufficient resolution in the image to allow image processing of one ormore features of the user's face in the image.

Images captured by camera 102 may be processed by processor 104. FIG. 3depicts a representation of an embodiment of processor 104 included indevice 100. Processor 104 may include circuitry configured to executeinstructions defined in an instruction set architecture implemented bythe processor. Processor 104 may execute the main control software ofdevice 100, such as an operating system. Generally, software executed byprocessor 104 during use may control the other components of device 100to realize the desired functionality of the device. The processors mayalso execute other software. These applications may provide userfunctionality, and may rely on the operating system for lower-leveldevice control, scheduling, memory management, etc.

In certain embodiments, processor 104 includes image signal processor(ISP) 110. ISP 110 may include circuitry suitable for processing images(e.g., image signal processing circuitry) received from camera 102. ISP110 may include any hardware and/or software (e.g., programinstructions) capable of processing or analyzing images captured bycamera 102.

In certain embodiments, processor 104 includes secure enclave processor(SEP) 112. In some embodiments, SEP 112 is involved in a facialrecognition authentication process involving images captured by camera102 and processed by ISP 110. SEP 112 may be a secure circuit configuredto authenticate an active user (e.g., the user that is currently usingdevice 100) as authorized to use device 100. A “secure circuit” may be acircuit that protects an isolated, internal resource from being directlyaccessed by an external circuit. The internal resource may be memory(e.g., memory 106) that stores sensitive data such as personalinformation (e.g., biometric information, credit card information,etc.), encryptions keys, random number generator seeds, etc. Theinternal resource may also be circuitry that performsservices/operations associated with sensitive data. As described herein,SEP 112 may include any hardware and/or software (e.g., programinstructions) capable of authenticating a user using the facialrecognition authentication process. The facial recognitionauthentication process may authenticate a user by capturing images ofthe user with camera 102 and comparing the captured images to previouslycollected images of an authorized user for device 100. In someembodiments, the functions of ISP 110 and SEP 112 may be performed by asingle processor (e.g., either ISP 110 or SEP 112 may perform bothfunctionalities and the other processor may be omitted).

In certain embodiments, processor 104 performs an enrollment process(e.g., an image enrollment process or a registration process) to captureand store images (e.g., the previously collected images) for anauthorized user of device 100. During the enrollment process, cameramodule 102 may capture (e.g., collect) images and/or image data from anauthorized user in order to permit SEP 112 (or another security process)to subsequently authenticate the user using the facial recognitionauthentication process. In some embodiments, the images and/or imagedata (e.g., feature data from the images) from the enrollment processare stored in a template in device 100. The template may be stored, forexample, in a template space in memory 106 of device 100. In someembodiments, the template space may be updated by the addition and/orsubtraction of images from the template. A template update process maybe performed by processor 104 to add and/or subtract template imagesfrom the template space. For example, the template space may be updatedwith additional images to adapt to changes in the authorized user'sappearance and/or changes in hardware performance over time. Images maybe subtracted from the template space to compensate for the addition ofimages when the template space for storing template images is full.

In some embodiments, camera module 102 captures multiple pairs of imagesfor a facial recognition session. Each pair may include an imagecaptured using a two-dimensional capture mode (e.g., a flood IR image)and an image captured using a three-dimensional capture mode (e.g., adepth map image). In certain embodiments, ISP 110 and/or SEP 112 processthe flood IR images and depth map images independently of each otherbefore a final authentication decision is made for the user. Forexample, ISP 110 may process the images independently to determinecharacteristics of each image separately. SEP 112 may then compare theseparate image characteristics with stored template images for each typeof image to generate an authentication score (e.g., a matching score orother ranking of matching between the user in the captured image and inthe stored template images) for each separate image. The authenticationscores for the separate images (e.g., the flood IR and depth map images)may be combined to make a decision on the identity of the user and, ifauthenticated, allow the user to use device 100 (e.g., unlock thedevice).

In some embodiments, ISP 110 and/or SEP 112 combine the images in eachpair to provide a composite image that is used for facial recognition.In some embodiments, ISP 110 processes the composite image to determinecharacteristics of the image, which SEP 112 may compare with the storedtemplate images to make a decision on the identity of the user and, ifauthenticated, allow the user to use device 100.

In some embodiments, the combination of flood IR image data and depthmap image data may allow for SEP 112 to compare faces in athree-dimensional space. In some embodiments, camera module 102communicates image data to SEP 112 via a secure channel. The securechannel may be, for example, either a dedicated path for communicatingdata (i.e., a path shared by only the intended participants) or adedicated path for communicating encrypted data using cryptographic keysknown only to the intended participants. In some embodiments, cameramodule 102 and/or ISP 110 may perform various processing operations onimage data before supplying the image data to SEP 112 in order tofacilitate the comparison performed by the SEP.

In certain embodiments, processor 104 operates one or more machinelearning models. Machine learning models may be operated using anycombination of hardware and/or software (e.g., program instructions)located in processor 104 and/or on device 100. In some embodiments, oneor more neural network modules 114 are used to operate the machinelearning models on device 100. Neural network modules 114 may be locatedin ISP 110 and/or SEP 112.

Neural network module 114 may include any combination of hardware and/orsoftware (e.g., program instructions) located in processor 104 and/or ondevice 100. In some embodiments, neural network module 114 is amulti-scale neural network or another neural network where the scale ofkernels used in the network can vary. In some embodiments, neuralnetwork module 114 is a recurrent neural network (RNN) such as, but notlimited to, a gated recurrent unit (GRU) recurrent neural network or along short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network.

Neural network module 114 may include neural network circuitry installedor configured with operating parameters that have been learned by theneural network module or a similar neural network module (e.g., a neuralnetwork module operating on a different processor or device). Forexample, a neural network module may be trained using training images(e.g., reference images) and/or other training data to generateoperating parameters for the neural network circuitry. The operatingparameters generated from the training may then be provided to neuralnetwork module 114 installed on device 100. Providing the operatingparameters generated from training to neural network module 114 ondevice 100 allows the neural network module to operate using traininginformation programmed into the neural network module (e.g., thetraining-generated operating parameters may be used by the neuralnetwork module to operate on and assess images captured by the device).

FIG. 4 depicts a flowchart for an embodiment of occlusion detectionprocess 200. In certain embodiments, process 200 is implemented usingneural network module 114 (another network module and/or another machinelearning model) associated with ISP 110. Process 200 may begin withimage input 202. Image input 202 may be an image captured using camera102 on device 100. In certain embodiments, the captured image is a floodimage. In some embodiments, the captured image is a depth map image. Thecaptured image may be captured during an enrollment process, a facialrecognition authentication process, a template update process, oranother facial recognition process operated by device 100.

In certain embodiments, image input 202 is the entire face of the user.FIG. 5 depicts an example of an embodiment of image input 202. As shownin FIG. 5 , face 300 may take up almost the entire space in image input202. Features of face 300 are depicted in image input 202. Features mayinclude, for example, eyes, nose, mouth, jawline, hairline, and/oroutline of the head. In certain embodiments, image input 202 is a 128pixel image of face 300. In some embodiments, image input 202 is animage that has been processed after being captured using camera 102. Forexample, camera 102 may capture an image showing face 300 as a smallerportion of the image. The captured image may then be processed toproduce image input 202 with face 300, as shown in FIG. 5 . For example,in some implementations, processor 104 may determine the location of aface in the image, determine a bounding box for the face, and crop theimage along the borders of the bounding box. The image can also beprocessed to normalize the illumination levels in the image. In someembodiments, a face detection network (e.g., a face detection neuralnetwork) is used to produce image input 202.

In process 200, as shown in FIG. 4 , image input 202 may be provided tonetwork module 204. Network module 204 may process image input 202 togenerate one or more landmark heat maps 206 and occlusion heat map 208.In certain embodiments, network module 204 is a neural network module.Network module 204 may include network circuitry installed or configuredwith operating parameters for producing landmark heat maps and occlusionheat maps. For example, network module 204 may be trained using trainingimages labelled with selected landmark points (e.g., corners of eyes,tip of nose, corners of mouth, etc.) and occlusion indicia (e.g.,different amounts and locations of occlusion) to generate operatingparameters for the network circuitry. In some embodiments, networkmodule 204 is trained with training data where landmark points areoccluded and the data is labelled with where the landmark points areestimated to be located (e.g., a network trainer may indicate (click)where the landmark points are thought to be located).

Network module 204 may generate landmark heat maps 206 and occlusionheat map 208 as high-level grid representations of image input 202. Forexample, network module 204 may generate landmark heat maps 206 andocclusion heat map 208 as n×n grid representations of image input 202where n×n is a lower resolution (e.g., lower number of pixels) than theimage input. Thus, each heat map may be an n×n grid of regions or cellsrepresenting image input 202. In one embodiment, landmark heat maps 206and occlusion heat map 208 are 16×16 grid representations of image input202, which is a 128×128 pixel image.

Landmark heat maps 206 generated by network module 204 may include oneheat map for each selected landmark point of interest in image input202. The selected landmark points of interest may be predetermined fornetwork module 204. For example, in one embodiment, landmark heat maps206 includes 7 heat maps—1 heat map for each corner of each eye, 1 heatmap for the tip of nose, and 1 heat map for each corner of the mouth.While the corners of the eyes and mouth and the tip of the nose aredescribed as landmark points herein, it is to be understood that anylandmark points may be used and any number of landmark points for alandmark may be used. For example, the nose may be defined by additionallandmark points such as the sides of the nose in addition to the tip ofthe nose. As another example, cheek bones may be selected as a landmarkand represented by landmark points for each cheek.

Landmark heat maps 206 may be grid representations of image input 202with each region (e.g., cell) having a value (e.g., a vector or number)that represents the likelihood that the landmark point is in thatregion. For example, the value in each region may be a number between 0and 1 with 0 being not likely to be the landmark point and 1 beingsubstantially likely to be the landmark point. Landmark heat maps 206may be displayed as grayscale images with grayscale intensityrepresenting the different values in each region. FIG. 6 depicts arepresentation of an embodiment of a grayscale image for an example oflandmark heat map 206A. The features of face 300 are shown, forreference, as dashed lines in FIG. 6 . The features of face 300,however, may not be visible in landmark heat map 206A.

Landmark heat map 206A is a representation of a heat map for landmarkpoint 302. As shown in FIG. 6 , landmark point 302 (the diamond) is thelandmark point for the corner of the mouth on face 300. Landmark heatmap 206A includes a 16×16 grid of regions 304 with each region having agrayscale value (e.g., grayscale intensity) representing the likelihoodthat landmark point 302 is in that region. Regions 304 around landmarkpoint 302 are whiter than other regions further away from the landmarkpoint because the likelihood that the landmark point 302 is in one ofthese regions is higher than the landmark point being in other regions.For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , the regions (e.g., regions 304′)around landmark point 302 are different shades of gray (e.g., agrayscale gradient) and are lighter (e.g., more white) as theprobability that the landmark point 302 is included in the regionincreases. Similar landmark heat maps 206 may be generated for each ofthe other selected landmark points.

Occlusion heat map 208 may be a grid representation of image input 202with each region (e.g., cell) having a value (e.g., a vector or number)that measures an amount of occlusion in that region as determined bynetwork module 204. Occlusion heat map 208 may be displayed as agrayscale image with grayscale intensity representing different valuesof occlusion in the regions in the image. FIG. 7 depicts arepresentation of an embodiment of a grayscale image for an example ofocclusion heat map 208. The features of face 300 are shown, forreference, as dashed lines in FIG. 7 . The features of face 300,however, may not be visible in occlusion heat map 208.

Occlusion heat map 208 includes a 16×16 grid of regions 304 with eachregion having a grayscale value (e.g., grayscale intensity) representinga relative amount of occlusion determined for that region (e.g., ascaled value of occlusion determined for that region). In the example ofFIG. 7 , regions 304 around the corner of the mouth are shown as havingsome occlusion by the higher intensity (closer to white color) of thoseregions. The occlusion shown in FIG. 7 may be, for example, from theuser's hand or a mask covering a portion of the mouth and the corner ofthe mouth.

In certain embodiments, after landmark heat maps 206 are generated,landmark locations are identified (e.g., estimated) in identify landmarklocations 210. Identify landmark locations 210 may include generatingtwo-dimensional representations of where the selected landmark points(e.g., landmark point 302) are positioned in each landmark heat map 206.The two-dimensional representation may be, for example, atwo-dimensional vector representation of x- and y-coordinates of thelandmark point with respect to the grid representing the heat maps.

In certain embodiments, the x- and y-coordinates for each landmark pointare generated by finding the center of gravity in landmark heat maps206. For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , center of gravity 306 may befound as the center of gravity of the white (e.g., brightest) area (the“hot” area) in the grayscale image. Center of gravity 306 may be anapproximation or estimate of the location of landmark point 302 based onthe intensities and distribution of likelihood values for the landmarkpoint. In some embodiments, the intensities and spreads of thelikelihood values may be used to assess a confidence value for center ofgravity 306 being landmark point 302.

The center of gravity for the different landmark points may be found ineach of landmark heat maps 206. Thus, for an embodiment with 7 landmarkheat maps 206, a list of 7 x- and y-coordinates, each coordinaterepresenting one landmark point, may be generated. In some embodiments,the x- and y-coordinates may be represented as a floating-point vector(e.g., a normalized floating point vector).

In some embodiments, the landmark point in a landmark heat map may beoccluded (not visible) and thus the heat map may not provide sufficientinformation to estimate the location of the landmark point. In suchembodiments, the landmark point may still be estimated based on the gridrepresentation of the face. For example, a neural network (or otherprocessor) may predict where the landmark point may be based on otherdata. For example, the neural network can estimate the location of thenose relative to the estimated location of the corners of the eyes.

FIG. 8 depicts a representation of an example of an embodiment ofestimated centers of gravity 306 with respect to the grid representationof face 300. FIG. 8 depicts the example with 7 landmark points from 7landmark heat maps. Centers of gravity 306 may be estimates of thelandmark points from each landmark heat map 206. From centers of gravity306 (e.g., the landmark points), the four landmarks represented by theselandmark points may be identified. For example, in the depictedembodiment, the mouth can be identified based on the estimated locationof the two mouth corners and the right eye can be identified by theestimated locations of the two corners of the right eye. It is to beunderstood, however, that other landmarks may also be considered (e.g.,ears, chin, etc.).

In certain embodiments, shapes 308 may be used to represent thelandmarks. Shapes 308A may represent the eyes while shape 308Brepresents the nose and shape 308C represents the mouth. In someembodiments, shapes 308A are lines between the respective centers ofgravity 306 for the eyes (i.e., corners of eyes), shape 308B is a circlecentered on center of gravity 306 for the nose (i.e., tip of nose), andshape 308C is a line between the centers of gravity representing thecorners of the mouth. In certain embodiments, shapes 308A and shapes308C are represented by other shapes between centers of gravity 306representing the corners of the eyes and the mouth with the shapesincluding the corners. Shape 308B may be a triangle or otherrepresentative shape drawn around center of gravity 306 for the noselandmark. In some embodiments, the shape of shapes 308A, 308B, 308C arebased on intensity spread around centers of gravity 306. Any heuristicmay be used to determine the shape of shapes 308A, 308B, 308C based onthe intensity spread.

Once the locations of the landmarks are identified in 210, theidentified landmark locations are combined with occlusion heat map 208to assess occlusion scores for the landmarks in 212. Combining theidentified landmark locations and occlusion heat map 208 may includebringing together or fusing the locations and the occlusion map. Forexample, the shapes used to identify the landmark locations may bemapped onto occlusion map 208. As an example, FIG. 9 depicts occlusionheat map 208 (from FIG. 7 ) overlaid onto the map of landmark shapes(from FIG. 8 ).

Once the identified landmark locations are combined with occlusion heatmap 208, as depicted in the example of FIG. 9 , an occlusion score maybe assessed for each of the landmark shapes (e.g., for the eyes, thenose, and the mouth). The occlusion score may be a measurement or valuethat represents an estimation of how much the landmark shape isoccluded. For example, the occlusion score may be a scaled value ofocclusion (e.g., a value between 0 and 1 with 0 not being occluded and 1being completely occluded) or a percentage occlusion value (e.g., from0% occlusion to 100% occlusion). For the example shown in FIG. 9 , apercentage occlusion score for the eyes and nose may be 0% as neitherlandmark shape has any occlusion while a percentage occlusion score forthe mouth may be about 40% as a portion of the mouth is occluded.

After the occlusion scores for the landmarks are assessed in 212, anoperation of device 100 may be controlled based on the assessedocclusion scores in 214. In some embodiments, the assessed occlusionscores are used to control operation of device 100 during an enrollmentprocess (e.g., an image enrollment process) or a template updateprocess. For example, the image captured to generate image input 202 maybe discarded (e.g., rejected) from the enrollment process (or thetemplate update process) if one or more of the assessed occlusion scores(or a composite occlusion score) are above a selected occlusionthreshold. Discarding or rejecting the captured image may include, forexample, removing or deleting the captured image from device 100 (e.g.,removing or deleting the captured image from the memory of the device)or preventing the captured image to be used for facial recognition,enrollment, or other applications of the captured image on the device.The selected occlusion threshold may be a maximum level of occlusionselected to ensure that the face of the user has levels of occlusionthat are sufficiently low to allow additional processing of the image tobe effective. For example, only allowing images with levels of occlusionbelow the maximum level of occlusion to be used during the enrollmentprocess (or the template update process) may reduce the false acceptancerate during a facial recognition authentication process using thetemplates generated during the enrollment process (or the templateupdate process).

In some embodiments, the assessed occlusion scores are used to controloperation of device 100 during a facial recognition authenticationprocess. For example, unlocking device 100 (or another functioncontrolled by the facial recognition authentication process) may beprevented from occurring if one or more of the assessed occlusion scores(or a composite occlusion score) are above a selected occlusionthreshold. In certain embodiments, the captured image is discarded(e.g., rejected) by the facial recognition authentication process whenunlocking the device is prevented based on the assessed occlusionscores. Discarding or rejecting the captured image may include, forexample, removing or deleting the captured image from device 100 (e.g.,removing or deleting the captured image from the memory of the device).In some embodiments, the threshold for occlusion in the facialrecognition authentication process is lower than the threshold forocclusion in the enrollment process or the template update process.Having a lower threshold for occlusion in the facial recognitionauthentication process may provide a higher acceptance rate and a morebeneficial experience for the user.

In some embodiments, if occlusion of a landmark is above a selectedlevel during the facial recognition authentication process, the facialrecognition authentication process may ignore the occluded landmark fora matching decision between the user in the captured image and anauthorized user. In some embodiments, the facial recognitionauthentication process may increase the thresholds for matching of otherlandmarks when the occluded landmark is ignored. The effectiveness ofthe facial recognition authentication process may be increased byallowing the process to ignore the occluded landmark and/or focus onlandmarks that are not occluded when authenticating the user.

In some embodiments, if a landmark is occluded above a selectedocclusion threshold, device 100 may notify the user in the capturedimage that the landmark is occluded. For example, the user may benotified during an enrollment process (or any other facial recognitionprocess) that the landmark (e.g., eyes, nose, or mouth) is occluded andthat the occluding object should be moved or removed and another imageshould be captured. Notification to the user may be, for example, via adisplay or a voice prompt on device 100.

In certain embodiments, one or more process steps described herein maybe performed by one or more processors (e.g., a computer processor)executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readablemedium. For example, process 200, shown in FIG. 4 , may have one or moresteps performed by one or more processors executing instructions storedas program instructions in a computer readable storage medium (e.g., anon-transitory computer readable storage medium).

FIG. 10 depicts a block diagram of one embodiment of exemplary computersystem 510. Exemplary computer system 510 may be used to implement oneor more embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, computersystem 510 is operable by a user to implement one or more embodimentsdescribed herein such as process 200, shown in FIG. 4 . In theembodiment of FIG. 10 , computer system 510 includes processor 512,memory 514, and various peripheral devices 516. Processor 512 is coupledto memory 514 and peripheral devices 516. Processor 512 is configured toexecute instructions, including the instructions for process 200, whichmay be in software. In various embodiments, processor 512 may implementany desired instruction set (e.g. Intel Architecture-32 (IA-32, alsoknown as x86), IA-32 with 64 bit extensions, x86-64, PowerPC, Sparc,MIPS, ARM, IA-64, etc.). In some embodiments, computer system 510 mayinclude more than one processor. Moreover, processor 512 may include oneor more processors or one or more processor cores.

Processor 512 may be coupled to memory 514 and peripheral devices 516 inany desired fashion. For example, in some embodiments, processor 512 maybe coupled to memory 514 and/or peripheral devices 516 via variousinterconnect. Alternatively or in addition, one or more bridge chips maybe used to coupled processor 512, memory 514, and peripheral devices516.

Memory 514 may comprise any type of memory system. For example, memory514 may comprise DRAM, and more particularly double data rate (DDR)SDRAM, RDRAM, etc. A memory controller may be included to interface tomemory 514, and/or processor 512 may include a memory controller. Memory514 may store the instructions to be executed by processor 512 duringuse, data to be operated upon by the processor during use, etc.

Peripheral devices 516 may represent any sort of hardware devices thatmay be included in computer system 510 or coupled thereto (e.g., storagedevices, optionally including computer accessible storage medium 600,shown in FIG. 11 , other input/output (I/O) devices such as videohardware, audio hardware, user interface devices, networking hardware,etc.).

Turning now to FIG. 11 , a block diagram of one embodiment of computeraccessible storage medium 600 including one or more data structuresrepresentative of device 100 (depicted in FIG. 1 ) included in anintegrated circuit design and one or more code sequences representativeof process 200 (shown in FIG. 4 ). Each code sequence may include one ormore instructions, which when executed by a processor in a computer,implement the operations described for the corresponding code sequence.Generally speaking, a computer accessible storage medium may include anystorage media accessible by a computer during use to provideinstructions and/or data to the computer. For example, a computeraccessible storage medium may include non-transitory storage media suchas magnetic or optical media, e.g., disk (fixed or removable), tape,CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, DVD-RW, or Blu-Ray. Storage mediamay further include volatile or non-volatile memory media such as RAM(e.g. synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), static RAM(SRAM), etc.), ROM, or Flash memory. The storage media may be physicallyincluded within the computer to which the storage media providesinstructions/data. Alternatively, the storage media may be connected tothe computer. For example, the storage media may be connected to thecomputer over a network or wireless link, such as network attachedstorage. The storage media may be connected through a peripheralinterface such as the Universal Serial Bus (USB). Generally, computeraccessible storage medium 600 may store data in a non-transitory manner,where non-transitory in this context may refer to not transmitting theinstructions/data on a signal. For example, non-transitory storage maybe volatile (and may lose the stored instructions/data in response to apower down) or non-volatile.

Further modifications and alternative embodiments of various aspects ofthe embodiments described in this disclosure will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art in view of this description. Accordingly, thisdescription is to be construed as illustrative only and is for thepurpose of teaching those skilled in the art the general manner ofcarrying out the embodiments. It is to be understood that the forms ofthe embodiments shown and described herein are to be taken as thepresently preferred embodiments. Elements and materials may besubstituted for those illustrated and described herein, parts andprocesses may be reversed, and certain features of the embodiments maybe utilized independently, all as would be apparent to one skilled inthe art after having the benefit of this description. Changes may bemade in the elements described herein without departing from the spiritand scope of the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: capturing an image of auser using a camera located on a device, the device comprising acomputer processor and a memory; generating, by the computer processor,at least one landmark map based on the captured image, wherein the atleast one landmark map corresponds to a landmark feature on a face ofthe user, wherein the at least one landmark map has a lower resolutionthan the captured image, and wherein the at least one landmark mapincludes a plurality of landmark values for regions of the capturedimage on the at least one landmark map, each landmark value of theplurality of landmark values representing a likelihood that the landmarkfeatures is in a respective region of the regions; generating, by thecomputer processor, an occlusion map based on the captured image,wherein the occlusion map has the lower resolution than the capturedimage, and wherein the occlusion map includes a plurality of occlusionvalues for the regions of the captured image on the occlusion map, eachocclusion value of the plurality of occlusion values representing alikelihood of occlusion in a respective region of the regions;determining, by the computer processor, an occlusion score for thelandmark feature corresponding to the at least one landmark map, whereinthe occlusion score is assessed from occlusion values of the pluralityof occlusion values on the occlusion map that correspond to a locationof the landmark feature on the at least one landmark map determined fromthe plurality of landmark values of the at least one landmark map; andcontrolling an operation of the device based on the determined occlusionscore for the landmark feature.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising generating a plurality of landmark maps, wherein eachlandmark map corresponds to a different landmark feature on the face ofthe user.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein each landmark value of theplurality of landmark values on the at least one landmark mapcorresponds to a respective region on the at least one landmark map. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein each occlusion value of the plurality ofocclusion values on the occlusion map corresponds to a respective regionon the occlusion map.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the image iscaptured while illuminating the user with an illuminator located on thedevice.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining thelocation of the landmark feature of the face on the at least onelandmark map based on landmark feature likelihoods for the regions. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the operation of the device controlledincludes an enrollment process on the device, wherein the enrollmentprocess includes generating a template for an authorized user to be usedin a facial recognition authentication process.
 8. The method of claim7, wherein controlling the enrollment process includes determiningwhether to use or discard the captured image during the enrollmentprocess based on the determined occlusion score for the landmarkfeature.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the operation of the devicecontrolled includes a facial recognition authentication process on thedevice, wherein the facial recognition authentication process includesdetermining whether to authenticate the user in the captured image basedon features of the user's face in the captured image.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein controlling the facial recognition authenticationprocess includes determining whether to use or discard the capturedimage during the facial recognition authentication process based on thedetermined occlusion score for the landmark feature.
 11. The method ofclaim 9, wherein controlling the facial recognition authenticationprocess includes ignoring the landmark feature in the facial recognitionauthentication process when the determined occlusion score for thelandmark feature is above a predetermined threshold.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, further comprising increasing one or more thresholds foradditional landmark features in the facial recognition authenticationprocess in response to ignoring the landmark feature with the determinedocclusion score above the predetermined threshold.
 13. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the operation of the device controlled includes atemplate update process on the device, wherein the template updateprocess includes determining whether to use or discard the capturedimage to update one or more templates for facial recognitionauthentication stored in the device.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereincontrolling the template update process includes determining whether touse or discard the captured image during the template update processbased on the determined occlusion score for the landmark feature.
 15. Adevice, comprising: a camera; at least one illuminator; a memory;circuitry coupled to the camera and the at least one illuminator,wherein the circuitry is programmed to: capture an image of a user usingthe camera located on the device; generate at least one landmark mapbased on the captured image, wherein the at least one landmark mapcorresponds to a landmark feature on a face of the user, wherein the atleast one landmark map has a lower resolution than the captured image,and wherein the at least one landmark map includes a plurality oflandmark values for regions of the captured image on the at least onelandmark map, each landmark value of the plurality of landmark valuesrepresenting a likelihood that the landmark features is in a respectiveregion of the regions; generate an occlusion map based on the capturedimage, wherein the occlusion map has the lower resolution than thecaptured image, and wherein the occlusion map includes a plurality ofocclusion values for the regions of the captured image on the occlusionmap, each occlusion value of the plurality of occlusion valuesrepresenting a likelihood of occlusion in a respective region of theregions; determine an occlusion score for the landmark featurecorresponding to the at least one landmark map, wherein the occlusionscore is assessed from occlusion values of the plurality of occlusionvalues on the occlusion map that correspond to a location of thelandmark feature on the at least one landmark map determined from theplurality of landmark values for the regions on of the at least onelandmark map; and control an operation of the device based on thedetermined occlusion score for the landmark feature.
 16. The device ofclaim 15, wherein the at least one illuminator is configured to provideinfrared illumination.
 17. The device of claim 15, wherein the at leastone illuminator includes a flood infrared illuminator and a specklepattern illuminator.
 18. The device of claim 15, wherein the circuitryis programmed to operate a facial recognition authentication processbased on the occlusion map.
 19. A non-transient computer-readable mediumincluding instructions that, when executed by one or more processors,causes the one or more processors to perform a method, comprising:capturing an image of a user using a camera located on a device;generating at least one landmark map based on the captured image,wherein the at least one landmark map corresponds to a landmark featureon a face of the user, wherein the at least one landmark map has a lowerresolution than the captured image, and wherein the at least onelandmark map includes a plurality of landmark values for regions of thecaptured image on the at least one landmark map, each landmark value ofthe plurality of landmark values representing a likelihood that thelandmark features is in a respective region of the regions; generatingan occlusion map based on the captured image, wherein the occlusion maphas the lower resolution than the captured image, and wherein theocclusion map includes a plurality of occlusion values for the regionsof the captured image on the occlusion map, each occlusion value of theplurality of occlusion values representing a likelihood of occlusion ina respective region of the regions; determining an occlusion score forthe landmark feature corresponding to the at least one landmark map,wherein the occlusion score is assessed from occlusion values of theplurality of occlusion values on the occlusion map that correspond to alocation of the landmark feature on the at least one landmark mapdetermined from the plurality of landmark values of the at least onelandmark map; and controlling an operation of the device based on thedetermined occlusion score for the landmark feature.
 20. Thenon-transient computer-readable medium of claim 19, wherein occlusionvalues for at least one region on the occlusion map is a scaled valueare scaled values of occlusion in the at least one region.